The Role of the Economy in Presidential Elections

There are many factors that can influence a presidential election in the United States. One of the most important factors is the economy. It is always one of the top debate topics which candidates must pay close attention to. What makes it such an important issue is that it does not matter what state the economy is. Whether it is in good shape or bad shape, it is still going to play a major role. However, if the economy is suffering than is going to be an even bigger talking point.When the economy is not doing well, voters become more concerned about it, which means that the candidates need to have a good plan on how to fix it. Otherwise, they will lose a lot of support. People are always concerned with money, which is why the state of the economy always plays a role in presidential elections. Although, how big of a role it plays does vary. Even though it does vary, it is always going to be an important issue in presidential elections. Money and our economy are things that voters are always going to be concerned with.That is why in this paper I am going to discuss the role of the economy in presidential elections by comparing and contrasting its role in the 2008, 2004, and 2000 elections. In doing so I will show that the economy plays a major role in presidential elections, but that that role does vary depending on the state of the economy. The 2008 United States presidential election was a very exciting and ground breaking one. There were many issues that played an important role in this election, but one of the biggest was the economy. It played the biggest role in this election compared to the 2004 and 2000 presidential elections.It was considered one of the central issues of the election. The reason why it was such a big issue is the fact that the economy is in the worst shape it has been in since the Great Depression. This caused it to be a central issue which meant that each candidate was going to have to make sure that they had a solid economic plan. Bot h of their plans needed to appeal to the voters. Each candidates plan on how to help out the economy was one of the first things that people would look at. The United States has the biggest deficit that it has ever had. This played into what plan each candidate came up with.It caused the candidates to change their stance on some issues. For example, Obama has plans to create a national healthcare system for those who cannot afford it (Skarda 2008 1). However, due to the fact that the deficit is so great, this plan would call for increased spending which would only add to the deficit. He then said that he would wait for the market to begin to stabilize before he would implement his plan. During a time of economic crisis like this, it is important for candidates to not have any plans to raise taxes. This would result in making them unpopular.It is something that they need to pay close attention to. Many people become unsure in times of such economic crisis and are going to look to the candidate who they believe has the best plan and seem the most confident in carrying out that plan. The candidates needed to make this a top priority because the country is in tough times economically it becomes a major issue. Under these circumstances, people continue to grow unsure of the economy and their own future. They do not know whether or not they are going to lose their job, be able to pay their bills, or even support their family.So when it comes to deciding which candidate to vote for, they are going to look at what each candidate’s plan to fix the economy is. They are going to want to vote for the candidate who seems most concerned about fixing the economy. As a result of all this, the economy played a very big role in the 2008 presidential election as it was one of the top, if not the top issue in the election. Also it played a much bigger role when compared to the 2004 and 2000 elections. Like during the 2008 presidential election, the economy also played a ma jor role in the 2004 election.Although it was not as major as in the 2008 election, it was still very important and not too far behind. And it played a bigger role in this election, than it did in the 2000 election. It was not as big of an issue due to the fact that the economy was not in as bad of shape as it was in 2008. However, it was still a central issue in the election. Also, it was over shadowed by the events that occurred on September 11, 2001. After the terrorist attacks, people became very concerned with issues of national security, so that became a big issue in the 2004 election.But like always, voters were still very interested in the candidates’ plans to help the economy. The Republicans believed that the improving economy would help President Bush win reelection, while the Democrats believed that there was no economic recovery due to the number of jobs that were lost. Also they argued that President Bush was leaving a growing national debt for future generation s because of his tax cuts. The Bush administration argued back claiming that the tax cuts have spurred the economy and will help boost the government’s income (O’Sullivan 2004 1).As a result, the candidates’ plans for the economy became an important issue. In addition, the candidates needed to have a good plan for how to handle the economy when the â€Å"baby boomers† reach retirement age (O’Sullivan 2). That was an important issue to many voters and each candidate needed to be aware of that and have a good plan. But the biggest economic issue was the loss of jobs in recent years. But in the end, economic issues along with all the other issues were trumped by national security issues. Voters were concerned with the war and the protection against future terrorist attacks first and foremost.As a result, the role of the economy was downsized and was not able to have as big of an impact. So despite not being the main issue of the 2004 election, it was still a major issue, but was not able to play as big of a role due to the war. During the 2000 presidential election the economy played the smallest role when compared to the 2004 and 2008 elections. The reason for this is that during this time the economy was booming and there was low unemployment. Due to the fact that there were few economic problems, issues on the economy were on the back of people’s minds.Also, there was not much either party had to do with economic issues. The Democrats were just able to point out how good of shape they got the economy in. Since the economy was doing so well, the Republicans could not attack it or come up with any plans to improve it that voters would really care about. Although the economy was in good shape, it still could have been used as a major tool in getting elected for the Democrats. Al Gore did not utilize the good economy in gaining support to its full potential (Cain 2001 2). Had he done this, perhaps it would have helped him gain enough votes to win.While at the same time, this allowed George W. Bush to have one less issue to worry about since people really were no concerned with it. He was able to focus on other issues and promote his ideas on those issues more than he would have been able to if the economy had played a bigger role. Unlike the other elections, Bush had a better chance of winning election by not talking about the economy. This is opposite of the 2008 election were one of the first issues that voters wanted to know the candidates’ plans for was the economy.And had they not talked about the economy as one of the top issues, they would have had no chance of winning election. The 2004 election is similar to the 2008 election in this aspect. This is one of the few elections where the economy was not one of the top issues at the forefront of the election. While compared to the 2008 and 2004 elections, the economy during the 2000 election had the least important role. In summation, the economy played the biggest role in the 2008 presidential election. It played the second biggest role in the 2004 election and the smallest in the 2000 election.Even though it played a different sized role in each of these elections, it was a major issue when compared to other issues. The economy always plays a major role in presidential elections. But as I have just shown, it plays a much bigger role when the economy is suffering compared to when it is doing well. By comparing the different roles the economy has played in recent elections, it becomes clear that the economy has played a major role in presidential elections and will continue to in future elections.

Us and Them Essay

The story of â€Å"Us and Them† consists of three types of irony: situational, dramatic, and verbal. These types make the story more interesting as a reader. Irony can be used in the sense of tricking the reader into one thing happening, but a completely other event takes place. This keeps the reader intrigued and is excited to see what happens next due to the fact that nothing is predictable.In the story, the child uses a variety of irony, an example of dramatic irony is when Sedaris is spying on the Tomkeys and they are not aware of this. This is an example of dramatic irony because the author of the story knows something that the characters don't. This can entertain the readers by going into the Tomkeys lives without them knowing it.The second type of irony is situational, an example in the story is when the Tomkeys show up at the Sedaris's house a day after Halloween, the author's mom makes him and his sisters go get their candy wanting not to be rude, the author starts ra ting the candy, rating from best to least. After a couple minutes of stalling, his mother barges into his room and starts gathering the candy herself, he starts to stuff his face with the chocolate where he has mentioned before that he gets bad headaches from this candy.This is a type of situational irony because you would not have expected Sedaris to eat the candy that would make him have a terrible headache just so that the Tomkeys couldn't have it. The third type of irony is verbal, an example in the story is when the author's mother tells him to look at himself, the reader would probably expect something else as in a mirror, but the author actually takes a moment to reflect on his behavior and look at how he has acted toward the Tomkeys all because they don't watch TV.This is a good example of verbal irony because this keeps the reader entertained by seeing a new side of the author thats not completely indulged in the Tomkeys's lives. All of these different types of irony can ma ke almost any story interesting and hard to put down, the reader may find it intriguing to expect one thing and completely have another event take place. In this story you will get three different types of irony all at different points in the story, so never will the story be a boring read.

Michael jackson's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Michael jackson's - Essay Example Three songs that best exemplify Michael Jackson’s work were off of his 1991 Dangerous album of which were Will you be there, Give it to me, and jam. By listening to his virtuosic rhythms as well as rich harmony; the signature bass lines and the detailed layers of unusual sounds, which went beyond the typical classics, as well as song play (Vogel, 2012). In addition, the song transitions made from New Jack Swing, R&B, as well as rock. His music was without barriers or borders, and echoed globally. These three songs although not that great in regards to Jackson’s musical stardom can be viewed as risks songs he took as well as experimental ones of which ended up being huge successes among many others from the dangerous album. The reason behind this is that Jackson wanted songs that were a cleaner, more calculated and colder version of some of the songs that were on the thriller album and partially the bad album as well. The end result of the risk songs were a sharper and h arder song production, which were meant to hit the streets (jam was a street song), as well as touch the hearts of the middle class listeners (with will you be there) and appeal to the rock fans and general fans with the hard hitting fusion of rock and R&B (with give it to me). These three song cut across everybody’s music taste in one way or another. Michael Jackson’s position in a musical pantheon was very opinionated. These entire artist had one thing in common, they were music geniuses in their own right and during their times. But what sets Michael Jackson apart is that his music broke cultural and racial grounds which are something that lacked in the likes of Mozart and Beethoven. Furthermore, he commanded and entertained millions of fans globally. The bottom line of the various opinions was founded on racial grounds especially black artist who were considered to be lacking in substance in

Arabic Version of The Da Vinci Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Arabic Version of The Da Vinci Code - Essay Example Culture plays a key role in good translation. Likewise, a good translation transmits language with simple terms and phrases that can be understood by simple folk in a way that the meaning is not lost or is almost similar with that of the source text. How do you say "the mother of God" if that is not clearly understood in the target language, like in the Muslim or Arab world Muslims understand Mary as the mother of the "prophet" Jesus but not as the mother of God. Culture specific terms have to be dealt with clearly, i.e. the actual message being conveyed by the source language must be the message and meaning that should be understood by the target language. Two cultures are involved in the process. Translation is still highly valued and is required for science, politics, diplomacy, education, literature and many other uses. Although translating for all the variety of purposes is subject to many rules with many books and theories written on methods, translating works of literature alone stands out as most problematic. As Hatim and Mason (1990, p.188) argue, the more culture bound a text is, the more scope there may be for modification. "Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language" (Newmark, 1981, cited in Hariyanto, S.) Translating a sentence of the Da Vinci Code from English to Arabic requires a lot of skill and knowledge to be able to convey the real intention and meaning from the source text to target language. There are many considerations in this translation. Two cultures have to be properly understood in going into the meaning and message of the whole literature or book. Words are not translated literally but should be translated in such a way that they can be read between the lines, the way it should be understood by the Arab audience. Cultural elements within translation have been researched; authors such as Dickens, Harvey and Baker have discussed the techniques used in order to circumvent problems. They suggest four degrees of cultural transposition, from the extreme exoticism to the other extreme, cultural transplantation, with two intermediate degrees, cultural borrowing and communicative translation. Cultural transposition by Dickins et al. will, therefore, be the focus of this research. Research Questions: 1. What is translation 2. What is the relation between language and culture - translation and culture 3. What is faithfulness in translation And should the translator be faithful to the source text or target text 4. How should the translator deal with culture-specific terms in a text 5. Do the books I am going to examine meet the needs and expectations of their readers

Johnny Juneau Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Johnny Juneau Case - Essay Example To begin with the defense of Johnny, it is important to stress the elements of a crime. Crime should constitute actus reus and mens rea or the intention and execution of such unlawful act. The mistake of information shall also be invoked to profess that it was never an intention of Johnny to defraud the gas station that prompted the owner to file theft charges against Johnny. The actual act of the crime is actus reus. It was derived from the principle stated by Edward Coke that stated actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea,  which means: "an act does not make a person guilty unless (their) mind is also guilty". Such, the guilt of a crime requires culpability and proof of fault both in intent and act. Following the principles of actus reus, criminal act is committed by doing it, omission and possession. Acting on a crime meant a â€Å"bodily movement whether voluntary or involuntary† to consummate the crime (Robinson v. California,  370  U.S.  660, 1962). Applying this principle to Johnny, the alleged criminal charge of murder was not a product of his bodily movement. Omission pertains to the failure to act the necessary bodily movement that resulted to harm which in Johnny’s case, the electrocution of his neighbor of which he was charged for being responsible of the neighbor’s death. ... For the act to be exempted from voluntary act that would constitute the culpability of actus reus, exemption falls under the following elements; 1. A reflex or convulsion; 2. A bodily movement during unconsciousness or sleep; 3. Conduct during hypnosis or resulting from hypnotic suggestion; 4. A bodily movement that otherwise is not a product of the effort or the determination of the actor, either conscious or habitual. Mens rea as a component of crime on the other hand is the intent, process or planning to commit the crime. It is the deliberative aspect of committing a crime which in Johnny’s case must be satisfied to qualify the electrocution of his neighbor as murder. To illustrate actus reus and mens rea, we would be compelled to cite an example to differentiate these two concepts. Planning to kill or rob as a mens rea is not a crime until it acted upon (mens rea). These two concepts when linked together constitute a crime that often leads to conviction. a. Defense on murd er charge The death through electrocution of Johnny’s neighbor was never intentional. In no circumstance did Johnny demonstrate intent, deliberation or any motivation to inflict harm or death to the neighbor. In fact, Johnny was even grateful for borrowing the ladder. In fact, Johnny Juneau himself could have been killed by the unfortunate incident because he was still using the ladder on his way down when it touched an uninsulated part of the gas store’s sign that made it electrified. There was no way Johnny could have known that would happen.   Yet, he is still charged with murder on the ground that his behavior led to the electrocution of his neighbor that falls on the ground of omission of actus

The Chase Manhattan bank Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Chase Manhattan bank - Term Paper Example The CMB human resource has been carefully crafted to ensure that, the organization attracts and maintains the best talents in the banking arena. It also focuses on the development of the existing workforce through training, to ensure the staff is updated on the current banking practices and innovations in the industry. The CMB human resource strategy aims to ensure the bank’s business policy is correlated with the H.R policy. This is to ensure the bank has a sufficient, qualified workforce, to satisfy its requirements and meet its business objectives. The HR department ensures that it recruits raw talent and mould this talent for the future of the company. Through this policy, the bank cultivates a culture in the staff that complements its policies. Selection Process The selection process at the CMB is designed to identify the best banking talents among the applicants available, who will fit into the company, and add value to it to its human resource. This extensive procedure aims to determine whether the applicants are suitable for the vacancy offered. The job advertisements are sent out through different media, which include the print and electronic channels. The application process occurs in the following steps. The applicants, first fill an application for the vacancy through the internet, here, the applicant will receive an email confirmation that his or her application has been acknowledged.

Structural Empowerment Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Structural Empowerment Paper - Case Study Example Being the president of Southern Cross Enterprise, Ted’s work involves making the company profitable and reputable in its industry. With today’s ever-changing business environment, leaders have numerous roles that they are expected to perform exceptionally (Meindl & Shamir, 2007). Their effectiveness in fulfilling these roles translates to the success of their organizations. The roles are universal as every leader is expected to fulfill them despite the nature or size of their organization (Hiller, Day & Vance, 2006). The most fundamental role a leader has is that of effectively communicating to their subordinates. Effective communication, from the top, ensures that the organization runs smoothly (Arkebauer & Miller, 1999). Ted, as the president of Southern Cross Enterprise, fails in his role as the communicator of his firm. According to the article, Ted gets along with his subordinates but rarely spends time with them. For the most part, Ted is in his office researching about the company’s market and its competitors. His failure to actively interact is apparent by the tendency of unrests occurring in the organization. A leader, as a communicator, should be able to reach out to his staff and other stakeholders (Firestone, 1996). Ted should encourage his employees to exchange information for efficient running of operations. To resolve this issue, Ted should adopt an open, honest and appropriate means of communicating with his subordinates (Eagly & Johnson, 1990). He should schedule meet-ups, other than the company’s annual picnic, to interact with his employees. By adopting open communication, Ted might be able to resolve the tension among his workers. Leaders, in their organizations, adopt the role of strategic thinkers in order to guide the company to profitability. Ted as the leader of his company is doing a fairly good job given his company is profitable at the moment. He researches about the trends in the wine making industry to gain a

Psychology-Facial Feedback Hypothesis Experiment Replication Coursework

Psychology-Facial Feedback Hypothesis Experiment Replication - Coursework Example The two groups of five were taken into two different rooms and I briefed them on what they should do. Group A was the group that held the pens in their teeth and Group B is the group that held the pen in their lips. After a few minutes I received the results. Group B’s average rating was around 3.4 as Group A’s average rating was 4.2. However, I took an extra step, I called upon other friends and family members who have not taken the exam or know anything about the experiment. I had them repeat the test and the result were as follows: Group B’s Rating was 3.3 and Group A’s rating was 3.9. Group A had rated the strip to be funny compared to the other group which rated as average. With this I can conclude that Fritz Strack’s Hypothesis is right. This test does show that holding a pen in one’s teeth makes jokes funnier, but why? I believe that the working muscle groups can cause discomfort. When holding the pen in the teeth a person does not need much strain to keep the pen in place. Holding the pen by the lips however requires balancing and applying a firm hold with muscles that are generally weak. On the other hand, it is believed that smiling can make a person happy. Can a person holding the pen by their teeth horizontally affect his/her reaction to humor? Is there a different reaction if they hold the pen pointing out of the mouth? Possible external effects could include wallpapers. Wallpapers can be of different colors and designs. Colors are known to affect the human emotion; blue induces calm while orange induces excitement. Objects in the rooms and their states can also affect psyche. Other effects could be how the people in the groups react to humor. Some people easily find humor in simple situations and my family are of that kind. The consistency of the results could improve by conducting repeated tests on different groups. In order to pick up better results, I could have experimented to find an answer to these questions. I could

I want you to paraphrase the Human Rights Standards, i will write down Essay

I want you to paraphrase the Human Rights Standards, i will write down in the description bow what i want you to write about - Essay Example This is in order to avoid undermining the presumption of innocence and to reinforce the prosecution’s case. Similarly, a trial judge’s direction to the jury is nonjudgmental and not mandatory as per the law. This implies that the jury is at liberty to establish that the accused had acted with objective founded on the evidence presented at trial. The court should ensure that it upholds human rights of the accused to access fair trial and prove his or her innocence. The jury needs to gather enough evidence that finds the accused to be on the wrong of committing the unlawful act. The human rights standards protect all the accused persons against unfair justices or disregard of their innocence by the trial courts. As a result, it ensures that the courts must confirm without any trace of doubt that the accused was liable of committing an unlawful act or had the intent of breaking the

Employment law 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employment law 2 - Essay Example In this regard, it was not necessary for Leslie Accounting Firm to ask Gale these questions. Question 2 Jill can not use this situation as a defense to a Title VII action. This can be analysed to mean that she used the excuse so that she could discriminate the Hispanic crew members. In fact, EEOC compliance requires that employers should not discriminate people for employment on the basis of their color, nationality, or race. Question 3 An affirmative action is a plan containing statistical information indicating the association of precise jobs between eligible people especially in metropolitan recruiting areas and actual number of employees employed (Goldman and Corrada 194). Conversely, quotas are never allowed except in situations where they are directed by the federal court as a result of continued discrimination. In essence, goals are established in relation to when the fraction of underrepresented is less than what is expected and available in the recruitment area. However, the key element is that the availability depends on individuals having the required qualifications for the job, not just the percentage of minorities. Question 4 Title VII’s of the civil rights Act of 1964 prohibits against discrimination. This law protects mothers of young children from workplace discrimination (Goldman and Corrada 200). It is the responsibility of employers to prevent harassment directed to caregivers from occurring in the work place. Employees subjected to such harassment are required to follow the employer’s harassment complaint process. In case the employee report the matter to the employer and no action is taken against the supervisor, the employee can sue the employer for hostile work environment that violated Title VII. If the investigator determines that the employee was subjected to a hostile work environment, the court may rule that the employer was liable. Question 5 In the legal definition, sexual harassment is considered to be undesirable vo cal, bodily, or visual demeanor of a sexual nature that affects working conditions (Goldman and Corrada 200). Firstly, going by this definition, it is apparent that the employee in the current scenario can sue the employer for sexual harassment. However, the employees would be required by the court to prove the claim of sexual harassment. Therefore, she needs to prove she belongs to a protected class and that the harassment complained of was based on sex. In this case, the employee is a woman and is protected under antidiscrimination law. The act of her supervisor touching her back qualifies as a physical conduct of a sexual nature, and his making of â€Å"untoward† statement qualifies to be a verbal conduct of a sexual nature. Nevertheless, in determining the case, the court may look in to some issues. For example, as an employee, it is advisable to report such cases to employer in the company under published sexual harassment policy and give them a chance to solve the probl em (Goldman and Corrada 201). In this case, if the worker does not report to the employer first, she might loose the case. The law states that sexual harassment has to be severe or pervasive. In this regard, since the incidence occurred once, can not be enough for a law suit. Question 6 National origin

Problem Solving ; Critical Thinking - Hdlt Essay Example for Free

Problem Solving ; Critical Thinking Hdlt Essay This adaptation is tested through fresh, innovative learning environments and higher expectations. Let us first determine critical thinking and problem solving and see how are these phenomenon interrelated with each other and the role both these skills play in our lives. Critical thinking (CT) is defined as â€Å" intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and /or evaluating information gathered from or generated by observations, experiences, reflections, reasoning or communication as a guide to belief and action. Scriven Paul, 2007, P 1). Thus simply put, CT is metacognition or thinking about thinking. Problem-solving (PS) is a mental process that involves ascertaining, investigating and solving problems. The eventual objective of problem-solving is to overcome hindrances and find a solution that best resolves the issue. These problems could range from simply crossing the road and reaching safely on the other side without getting hurt by the oncoming vehicles or solving a Sudoku puzzle or figure out a estimated expenses of a trip or in case of a child, solving a multiplication sum given in the class. The term problem solving ( P S) in educational settings would involve solving well-structured text book problems which are poles apart from ill structured problems which are encountered in everyday life. Thus we can see that in order to effectively solve a problem, one may require to engage with it and critically think about it to find the best solution. Let us now look at certain important broad themes and specific problem solving processes used by children Broad themes 1. Task analysis – details of steps taken to actually solve problems. For example a child adds 2 multi digit numbers, the actual process starting with adding the numbers in the right most column, writing ones digit as a part of the answer, carrying over the tens digit ( if it is so ) †¦ so on and so forth. Task analysis helps in identifying the exact places where child might be encountering difficulty in solving the problem, the nature of the difficulty. Thus it gives an insight into the manner in which the child solves problems; and thus provides scope for rectification. 2. Means – End analysis Using this methodology, one solves a problem by considering the obstacles that stand between the initial problem state and the goal state. The path to reaching the goal can be achieved by accomplishing smaller sub goals. When all of the sub goals have been achieved – when all of the obstacles are out of the way – then the main goal of interest has been achieved. Thus, means-ends analysis can be seen as a search strategy in which the long-range goal is always kept in mind to guide problem solving. 3. Encoding – this literally means identifying critical information in order to build internal representations. Thus it is very important to train the child to filter out the relevant data from the all the available information. Many children fail because they are not thought how to encode critical information and utilize it. Important processes of Problem Solving- 1. Planning this is future directed PS, most often used in difficult and new situations. But most often the novelty of the situation also ensures that children often forget to plan. 2. Route Planning this is done in order to select a most efficient route in order to reach a destination. Children as early as one year of age start showing the development of this ability. Example – an adult figuring out his way in order to reach a new destination; after looking at various maps. The route is figured out post route planning. 3. Causal Inference many a times problem solving is an attempt to understand the cause of a phenomenon. Humans are curious by nature. A two year old will constantly be in the endeavor to know â€Å"why things happen†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ why do birds fly, whereas animals don’t? so on and so forth. 4. Analogical Reasoning In problem solving this is predominantly concerned with systemic correspondences, where a solution to a known problem may be applied to solving a structurally similar problem. Analogical reasoning improves with maturation and increase in content knowledge. According to Piaget’s stages of development analogical reasoning only starts developing in the pre operational stage ( ages 2 -7) and gets occasional limited success in concrete operational stage(7-11) and becomes fully developed by formal operational stage (age 11 through adulthood) Stage I (Preoperational) egocentric responses using idiosyncratic relations. IA children were unable to form lower-order relations IB some children able to form lower-order relations, but unable to form analogies Stage II (concrete operational) occasional, limited success IIA trial-and-error success on analogies, inability to resist false counter-suggestions IIB consistent success on analogies, but inconsistent ability to resist false counter-suggestions Stage III (formal operational) Success on all aspects of the tasks. Criticism of Piaget – Goswami Brown reasoned that children might fail Piagets tasks because they lack knowledge of the relations entailed. On this view, children ought to be able to solve classical analogy problems provided the analogies are based on familiar relations. Practice in analogical reasoning improved young children’s spontaneous formation of analogies. 5. Scientific reasoning: Children question everything as a basic premise,they want to know the why , how of everything; but they are also hugely influenced by the beliefs that they see are carried around them. Whenever they actually do something on their own, they do develop an understanding and rationality regarding the same phenomenon. For example a child understands that sugar takes less time to dissolve in hot milk rather than cold milk. Thus, when they indulge in activities, experiment they develop scientific and logical reasoning. 6. Logical reasoning It is when a child can apply logical rules in order to solve problems. Logical reasoning requires the child to link each alternative to the main problem by strong reasoning. They may also require using logical structure If , Then . for example if a child has to climb up two floors, he could either use the lift or the stairs. If the escalator lift for some reason is not working, then either the child could wait till the lifet starts working or take the stairs. The choices have to be logically reasoned out. Both analogical and logical reasoning develop gradually over early and middle childhood whereas scientific reasoning does take more time to develop and take shape as it is much enhanced by experience. Along with certain important processes used in PS some of the others are – Symbolic representation as tools Rule based problem solving etc. Above we have also looked at Piagetian perspective on PS. Let us also look at the Vyogotsky’s perspective on the same. Lev Vygotsky gave some novel ideas regarding childrens learning and their problem solving abilities. 1. Zone of Proximal development (ZPD) This is the zone where learning takes place. This zone represents the difference the between what the child can achieve on its own and what it can achieve with the help of others. In order, for learning to occur, the elder or peer must provide a challenge that is beyond the child’s own capabilities and yet be assisted. Thus assisted learning or peer learning is an important aspect of children developing the PS abilities. If children have done a task with an adult or under the guidance of an adult (ZPD) they tend to show improvement whilst performing as opposed to those who were attempting it for the first time ( Piaget’s discovery learning ). Vyogotsky also pointed towards the importance of private speech in children, whenever confronted with a novel problem. This speech could be their method of engaging with the problem. As children grow up and get better at symbolic interpretation, this private speech diminishes. Now let us look at how a constructivist classroom helps children in enhancing their PS abilities. Constructivist approaches to learning attempt to generate environments where learners are actively engaged in their surroundings and environments that help them to construct and develop their own understanding, reasoning and knowledge, rather than the teacher interpreting their world for them. The learners interaction with the environment and with the subject matter at hand results them in having their own view about the subject. Thus we can see that collaborative learning is the hallmark of a constructivist classroom. For example – group of students in a chemistry class are learning about properties of organic salts. Instead of directly stating the properties, the teacher will devise questions which will engage the students in challenging their previous knowledge, link it to the other phenomenon that they have already been studying and generate a new level of understanding regarding the topic. During the discussions and promptings, when one student comes with the relevant concept, the teacher would cash on it and hint to the group to further explore this concept. Late, she would sum up ay concluding what the class has learnt, what helped and what did not help them in constructing new knowledge. Question – The biggest question for me is the teaching methodology. In most of the schools, that me and my colleagues have visited during our practicum, we inevitably noticed that instead of focusing on teaching the students how to think, rationalize, develop an understanding. The focus is on what they should think? Conclusion By providing them everything like â€Å"ready to eat meals†, we seal them from developing their own understanding. In a class room setting children, still encounter structured problems, in real life settings children will be coming across many ill structured problems. The aim of education must be to prepare them for encountering the challenges that they would face everyday. They have to be trained to adequately use their problem solving abilities within the classroom as well as outside it. References – Taylor, L, (2005). Introducing cognitive development. Taylor and Francis: Psychology Press. (Chapter: Thinking and reasoning). Siegler ; Alibali (2005). Chapter 10: Problem-Solving (pp 341-380). Synder L. ; Synder J. Teaching critical thinking and Problem solving skills, The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, Volume L, No. 2, Spring/Summer, 2008

Components in Milk and Isolation of Milk Protein (Casein)

Components in Milk and Isolation of Milk Protein (Casein) Contents 1.1Â  Introduction 1.2Â  Objective 1.3Â  Materials used 1.4Â  Methodology 1.5Â  Result 1.6Â  Discussion 1.7Â  Conclution Referance 1.1Introduction Milk is a complex biological fluid with high amount of proteins, lipid and minerals. Milk plays a major role in a healthy, balanced diet throughout lifetime. Milk having Proteins, Vitamins, carbohydrates and other minerals.Caseins, lactalbumins, and lactoglobulins are some proteins in milk. Milk from domesticated ruminants, primarily cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo, are major sources of dietary calcium and, in countries where commercially available milk is fortified, of dietary vitamin D (Clemens et al., 2014). Casein is a sort of protein found in dairy items, for example, milk, yogurt, chocolate, ice-cream and foods. Casein protein, whether it originates from sustenance or from a supplement, could be a valuable addition to diet with a few benefits. Casin helps to digest food fast ,it can take 7h to digest (Samuels, 2014) Milk holds 3.3% total protein. Milk proteins hold each of the 9 essencial amino acids needed by humans. Milk proteins are blended in the mammary organ, however 60% of the amino acids used to manufacture the proteins are from the cows eating diet. (Milkfacts.info, 2014) The total protein part of milk is made out of various particular proteins. The essential gathering of milk protein is casein. the distinctive caseins are different atoms but are comparable in structure. All different proteins are found in milk. (Walter and Hurley, 2014) Caseins got proper amino acid composition that is critical for development and improvement of the nursing youngs. (Walter and Hurley, 2014) A protein is an unbranched polymer in which the monomer units are amino acids. All the more particularly a protein is a peptide less than 50 amino acids are available. Proteins arranged into two: fibrous and globular.fibrous proteins are proteins which peptide chains are organized in long strands or sheets. Globular proteins will be proteins that have a tendency to overlap again on themselves into compact spheroidal shaped. Globular proteins dont form inter molecular between protein units and are all the more effectively solubalized in water . Because that they hold all the amino acids key for building blood and tissue, and can manage life and normal growth . Milk holds three proteins that are caseins, lactalbumins, and lactoglobulins (spurlock,2014) 1.2 Objective To Understand and isolation the components which are present in milk and isolation of milk protein (Casein). 1.3 Materials used Albumin solution Solid ammonium sulphate Ethanol Sulphur salicylic acid Trichloroacetic acid Lead acetate solution 1% Acetic acid Milk powder Filter cloth Ether Test tubes Beakers Funnel Bunsen burner Test tube holder Electric balance Watch glass 1.4 Methodology Protein precipitation Precipitation by salt Half saturation with ammonium sulphate To 3ml of albumin added equal volume of ammonium sulphate solution. Mixed and allowed to standed for 5min. filtered and performed the Biuret test with the filtrate Full saturation with ammonium sulphate To 3ml of albumin added solid ammonium sulphate with mixed until the solution is saturated and stand for 5min. filtered and performed the Biuret test with the filtrate. Isoelectric precipitation To 3ml of casein added 3 drops of bromocresol green indicator. Added 1% acetic acid drop by until a green color is obtained which indicates that the pH is closed to4.6 Precipitation by organic solvents To 2ml of albumin was added with 4ml of ethanol. Mixed and let it stand. And observed the reaction Precipitation by acidic agents Albumin 1ml was added an equal volume of picric acid solution. Observed the3 formation of thick precipitate. repeated the test with trichloroacetic acid and sulphosalicylic acid. Precipitation by heavy metal ions To 1ml of albumin, added to 10 drops of lead acetate solution. Observed the formation of precipitate. Repeated the test with lead nitrate solution Precipitation of heat and Acid Took 10ml of albumin to the test tube, hold the test tube over a flame in slant position and boiled the upper part of the solution .A cloudy white precipitate will be observed in the heated portion. Added a few drops of 1% acetic acid . coagulation was take place and albumin is precipitated. Isolation of casein from milk Milk powder of 17.5g was taken into a beaker. 62.5ml of warmed water at 450C was boiled by using Bunsen burner and added into the beaker which is containing milk powder. The milk powder was well stirred. 10% of acetic acid was added drop wise into milk powder solution and stirred well until the solution changes from milky to pale yellow. Then the solution was filleted well and taken into a beaker, and 15ml of ethanol was added to the filtered casein, it was kept for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes the casein with ethanol was filtered and dried well by using filter paper and tissue papers. The well dried casein was weighted and weight was recorded 1.5 Results Test Observation Inference Ppt by Heat/acid When heating there was a ppt form after adding acetic acid the ppt diffused. There fore these methods can be used for the ppt protein Ppt by heavy metal ions White ppt was formed when lead nintrate was added By the addition of heavy metals protein can be ppt Ppt by acidic agents A thick ppt was formed Positive,there fore via this method protein can be ppt Ppt by organic solvents White ppt was formed Positive, then using organic solvent protein can be ppt Full saturation with NH4SO4 White ppt formed 1.6 Discussion The casein isolation, Kept temperature 45 degrees for avoid excess heat and dilute acetic acid was added as drop by drop. It is important that the heating not be excessive because this conditions hydrolyze the lactose into its components, glucose and galactose before its isolation Adding of Calcium carbonate to the original beaker containing the liquid, neutralized the excess acetic acid and precipitated the initially soluble protein, albumin. This step ensures the liquid contains only the lactose and albumin was poured away from the lactose(Chemistry.mcmaster.ca, 2014) Casein is not properly dry All of the calculations were done 1.7 Conclution Obtained casein after isolation; 12.25g %yield = (12.25/17)x100 = 72% Caseins have an appropriate amino composition, it’s important for the growth of young.This protein in dairy animals.so many pepole allergic to milk, but trully they allergic to the components that milk contains: the casein and the lactose. Evacuation of these items especially the casein permits people with hypersensitivities to endure milk. The information is totally useful for peoples who can`t eat immoderately milk (Leonce, 2014) References Chemistry.mcmaster, (2014) Chem2O06 1997/98 Experiment 11.[Online]. 2014. Available at: http://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt11/2o6exp11.html. (Accessed: 15 July 2014). Clemens, R., Hernell, O, and Michaelsen, K. (2014) Milk and Milk Products in Human Nutrition.[Online]. 2014. Nestlenutrition-institute.org. Available at: http://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/Resources/Library/Free/workshop/BookNNIW67/Pages/booknniw67.aspx. (Accessed: 14 July 2014). Leonce, D. (2014) Biochemistry Practicals.[Online]. 2014. Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/3491493/Biochemistry_Practicals. (Accessed: 15 July 2014). Milkfacts.info, (2014) Milk Protein | MilkFacts.info.[Online]. 2014. Available at: http://www.milkfacts.info/Milk Composition/Protein.htm. (Accessed: 14 July 2014). Samuels, M. (2014) Casein Protein Benefits | LIVESTRONG.COM.[Online]. 2014. LIVESTRONG.COM. Available at: http://www.livestrong.com/article/86604-casein-protein-benefits/. (Accessed: 14 July 2014). Spurlock, d. (2014) Isolation and Identification of Casein From Milk Course Notes. [Online]. 2014. Homepages.ius.edu. Available at: http://homepages.ius.edu/dspurloc/c122/casein.htm. (Accessed: 14 July 2014). Walter, L. and Hurley, (2014) Milk Composition Proteins. [Online]. 2014. Ansci.illinois.edu. Available at: http://ansci.illinois.edu/static/ansc438/Milkcompsynth/milkcomp_protein.html. (Accessed: 14 July 2014). Qualification Higher National Diploma in Biotechnology Level 05 Module Name Protein precipitation and casein from milk Module Number 2 Name of Candidate S.Mayurathan Submission Date 15 July 2014 Word Count 1056

Online Grocery Shopping Website

Online Grocery Shopping Website In this era of modernization, it is becoming very difficult for the grocery shops to sustain without having an online shopping portal. To match with the changing patterns of buyers, Miou Co is planning to open an online shopping website for its grocery products. This report presents the market research of buying patterns and consumer traits of customers with respect to online grocery shopping. It also presents the marketing implications for the company when it opts for opening an online shopping website. The market research was conducted by both the methods i.e. secondary research (Literature review) and primary research (Focused Group and In-Depth Interviews). The major findings from the research suggest that customers prefer online shopping as compared to offline shopping for grocery products given that some constraints are taken care of. The customers across age-groups have different opinions in terms of their traits for buying online, but indicate one straight forward trait that they are happy to have an online shopping experience as it has many advantages over offline shopping. The market research findings suggest to Miou Co. Ltd. that it should open an online shopping website. The major marketing implications identified by the research are: The marketing efforts should focus on building the brand name and brand awareness among the customers as trust is one of the prerequisite of online shopping. The marketing messages should focus on payment security, information accuracy, fast and safe delivery of products and online shopping advantages. The company should come up with a marketing campaign for the website to attract the customers to the website. Introduction Present era is an era of globalization where the world is considered to be flat. The era of globalization has come into existence largely because of the internet boom and internet is considered to be the fastest way of communication. Through internet a person can have its presence at any corer of the world. In fact, the world of internet is different from the real world and thus it is called as a virtual world. People are living in this virtual world through social networking websites and not even people but several companies have also made their presence in the virtual world utilizing the internet boom (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2007). Internet is not only used to spread awareness about the products but now it is also explicitly used for shopping. Online shopping is new shopping address for the customers and now they can do everything on internet whatever they do while visiting a normal brick and mortar shop. As e-commerce and online shopping is becoming popular and profitable, many companies are now entering this virtual world for opening their online shopping portal. Almost every business in developed countries provides an option of buying products through internet because this helps in increasing the customer base. Same is the case with the Miou Co. Ltd. which is a national supermarket chain in Australia. This company is aiming to open an online grocery shopping website so that customer can also shop through their website. This is a very important step for the company as opening an online shopping portal is a very expensive and complex process unlike a normal street-shop (Creswell, 2002). Internet shops make life of customers more comfortable but at the same time cost associated with opening of internet shops are also high. Thus proper analysis needs to be carried in order to reach a conclusion of opening online shopping website. This report will include the analysis of customer buying behavior and also analysis of the target segment. This report will majorly deal with the thorough analysis of the customer traits and also the perception of these customers towards online grocery shopping. Secondary research is done by researching scholarly articles and journals on marketing and research. This will help in developing literature review of the presented topic. Then primary research is conducted to analyze the customer buying behavior and perceptions towards online grocery shopping. Analysis of the responses of the primary research conducted helps in deriving on any solution as well as it helps in providing the recommendations to the Miou Co. Ltd. for retaining and acquiring new customers as well as marketing implications. Literature Review Internet boom has presented shoppers a new address and companies one more point of contact through online shopping. Online shopping is considered to be inevitable for the companies which directly deal with customers for their daily needs. Thus the main categories which are very successful in increasing the customer bases are fashion products, electronic items, consumer durables, grocery items, computer accessories and peripherals. These are the major categories which have huge number of customers on internet also (Piercy, 2006). Online shopping is thus considered as a very profitable option by the companies which have presence as brick and mortar stores across any region. The customers earlier used to visit local shops for fulfilling all their needs but it was very difficult for those who were very busy in their daily schedules. These customers wanted to have a comfortable life where they dont have to visit these shops but still they are able to purchase the products. Thus the best s olution for these customers is to have shopping through online medium and by accessing internet (Leedy Ormrod, 2005). Online shopping websites have seen an exponential growth and there are many companies in this sector which dont have any brick and mortar shops but exclusive presence on internet. These are the companies which are dedicatedly providing products to customers through internet. There are many advantages for the companies to get involved in the ecommerce and online shopping without having physical presence (Thoits Virshup, 2007). Some of these advantages are as follows: There is no investment on land and interior decoration while setting up an online shopping portal as compared to establishing a brick and mortar shop. The major chunk of the money invested in opening a traditional offline shop is invested in acquiring land and developing of shop and its interior design. This cost of acquiring land is absent in the case of online shopping. The cost of land comes in millions if the shop has to make presence at many locations in a country. Whereas in case of online shopping portal, this expense is compensated with few dollars spent on buying a domain name (Lawrence, 2005). An online shopping portal can be accessed from any place wherever internet penetration is available. This means that simultaneously, the portal of online shopping can be accessed anywhere and anytime. Whereas in the case of traditional shops it is highly difficult for the owner to open shop at every city in the country. This has huge cost implication and even if a store has a chain of stores then also the owner cannot think of opening more than 100 stores simultaneously. Online shopping is accessible to the customer for 24 hours and 365 days in a year. Whereas this is not possible with the traditional stores as the stores remain closed on holidays and majority of the stores are closed in night (Denzin and Lincoln, 2004). This gives huge benefits and freedom to online shopping stores as they a customer is free to purchase anything around the clock. Overhead cost which consists of electricity, maintenance and staff salary is very high of the traditional stores whereas it is very less in the case of online shopping portals. This increases the profit margin of the online shopping portals several folds when compared to the traditional stores and also the breakeven is reached at faster rate. These are some of the major benefits which are reaped while starting an online shopping portal as compared to starting of traditional shops. Thus these benefits and advantages acts as motivational tools for encouraging online shopping business. These are the benefits for the businessmen who start their own online shopping portal (Hinton, 2004). There are certain more factors which need to be thoroughly checked to analyze and conclude whether it is necessary for the company to have their own online shopping portal. In the era of internet and globalization, almost every country is present in the virtual world but the online ecommerce presence is also dependent upon the type of product to be sold and the characteristics as well as buying pattern of the prospective customers. May be the product can be successfully catered to the customers through online but the buying pattern of the customers would not allow them to buy these products online. In developing countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines and many under developed countries, the penetration of internet is very less (Ridgeway Johnson, 2000). Hence the products which are successfully selling in developed nations like United States of America and United Kingdom will not sell properly in developing and poor nations. Thus from the above example it ca n be clearly attributed that there are several other factors which needs to be observed while deciding on the parameters which are very crucial for the success of the online shopping portal. Some of the major parameters which have been considered as crucial for the success of the online shopping portals are discussed in detail as follows (Loken, Kim Monga, 2006): Customer Buying Behavior: This is the most important and impactful parameter which is part of the decision of opening of an online shopping portal as end customers are the persons who will earn the business and revenues. The buying pattern is highly important to be analyzed properly and without bias so that the feasibility of the portal can be calculated. Customer buying behavior is composed of the propensity of the customers to buy products online. This propensity is rises because of several reasons which can be: Customer want to compare and check about the product at several different place and then he makes his buying decision after choosing from several other alternatives which are present. This decision is based majorly on comparing the prices as well as reviews. Currently most of the online shopping websites have a reviews section for the product and these reviews are written by the users (Tsushima Burke, 2009). Thus customers are highly dependent upon the reviews of the customers who are using that product. Other buying decision factor is price which can be compared across several other online shopping websites. It is a general opinion that customers tend to purchase same product from any store which is offering least price or the same product at cheapest price. On internet websites, the shoppers have wide array of websites offering products and thus the customers choose the product which is available at least price (Johnson, Garbarino Sivadas, 2006). The customer also checks about the verification as well as credibility of the online shopping portal. There are many cases where the online shopping websites are fraud and thus customers end up losing their money. This is very prevalent deception or scam in many countries because it is easy for the website owners to conceal their identity and thus cheat the customers. In fact the customers should also verify whether the product being sent by the company is same as described in the website else they will end up paying higher cost for a local material made product. These are some of the critical parameters which modify the buying behavior pattern of the customers. Hence any company while launching their website should be able to analyze their customer buying pattern. Brand Awareness: Shopping on internet is very easy if the brand or company from which is the shopping is being done is a well known brand. Thus it can be said that customers feel comfortable if the corporate name is a well known name in the country and thus the credibility issues are properly captured (Khare Inman, 2006). It is very easy for the customers to shop on the online shopping website of the brand which is known to them and they have even used the product by purchasing it from traditional store. Hence a national supermarket chain which is a known in any given country will definitely have mass audience to follow the online shopping too same as they visit the brick and mortar shop. Psychographics: The Psychographics is the study of the characteristics of the personality, traits, values and lifestyle of the customers. This is a highly important parameter which is utilized by the marketers for segmentation of the target market. The major area which is being focused by Psychographics is interests, activities and opinions and these parameters help in analyzing the lifestyle and values of the customers. For example, People of South Korea are considered to be worlds most hardworking people on earth. They want to save time wherever it is possible. Thus their lifestyle does not allow them to spend much time in grocery supermarkets in turn they want to keep them busy in work. Thus one of the national supermarket chains in South Korea came up with an idea of selling grocery products on the go to the customers through mobile application. This was one of the brilliant strategies to increase the customer wallets share and also retaining as well as acquiring new customers (G oebert Rosenthal, 2002). This strategy was purely based upon the lifestyle of target segment and hence it can be said that the psychographics study was nicely conducted. Internet usage frequency: For the success of online shopping portals, the customers should have high internet usage frequency (Miles and Huberman, 1994). It never happens that any customer will use internet just for shopping. Thus internet penetration and internet usage is also a known and crucial factor in deciding the fate of online shopping portal. Security concerns: Majority of the population are aware of the fraudulent practices on internet like hacking and phishing which make a user prone to some form of cyber attack. While purchasing any product on internet, a user has to give information about credit or debit card number or internet banking passwords which are highly confidential information (Couper, 2008). If this information is accessed by some other person then he can monetarily harm the user. Thus the majority of the online shopping websites have secured network line and even certified SSL lines provided by different gateways. These gateways provide secure form of transaction of money from one account to another. Thus users should be made aware of these security standards and also all the online shopping websites should strictly follow all the security measures in order to maximize customer wallet share. These are some of the major parameters which help in deciding the success of online shopping portals and thus marketing managers should consider analyzing all the above parameters very carefully while developing online shopping portals. Research Methodology The research is being conducted by the marketing manager of Miou Co. Ltd. which is a national supermarket chain in Australia. Considering the emergence of online shopping websites, Miou Co. Ltd. also wants to establish its own online grocery shopping portal. Research Problem: The research is being conducted for Miou Co. Ltd. to understand the marketing implications of opening of online shopping website. The research will mainly analyze the customer buying behavior and perceptions towards online shopping. Research Objective: The research objective sets a path for the research conduct and this objective helps in clarification about the core reason which needs to be brought out by this research. In this report the research objectives can be identified as: To know the customer perception towards online shopping of grocery items. To analyze Customer buying behavior when they turn internet shopper. These research objectives are the core focus of this research and it will help in observing the target audience as well as increasing the new and retained customers. Research Proposition: The research proposition or research plan/ proposal describes about the overall scenario of the research. The research is based on the primary research i.e. data is gathered directly from the customers (Leedy Ormrod, 2005). The market research tools being employed in this report is focused group discussion and depth interviews to know the customer characteristics as well as buying behavior. Significance of Market Research The market research is conducted to understand the customer buying behavior and their decision making patterns while shopping on internet. The customers are also analyzed to know the personality traits so that the company can target the appropriate audience. This market research will clear all the confusions from top managements regarding the feasibility as well as profitability of the online grocery shopping portal. Focus Group Design The focus group is a group discussion conducted among a group of 15-25 people who represents the target segment of the company (Deaux, 2002). In the focused group discussion, there is a moderator who presents the questions which needs to be discussed in focus group. These questions are relevant to the research objectives. All the respondents are then free to discuss their opinion in the discussion and the moderator analyses the discussion as well as information. For this research, there were 3 focus group discussions held and there were 20 members representing the same target segment but different age group. 1st focus group discussion happened between people from age 18-25 years, 2nd happened between 26-40 years and 3rd discussion happened with people above age of 40 years. The questions asked in the focus group were as follows: How often you all shop online and what are the most selling categories? What level of security should be present in the online shopping websites? What are major advantages as well as disadvantages of using online shopping website? Why will a person buy grocery products through online shopping website? What are the chief factors which presents resistance while buying products online? Ethical Issues relevant to Focus Groups The major ethical issue with focus group discussion is that identity of respondents is revealed and thus this is an impediment for unbiased response (Cooley, 2009). Respondents are unsure whether they should respond honestly or they should say whatever moderator wants to hear. In this research, this ethical issue is handled by telephonic focus group discussion. This is a new form of discussion where it is not necessary that respondent is present physically thus it helps in unbiased opinion flow in the discussion. Findings from Focus groups Majorly the responses from all the three focus groups were coherent with slight change. The major points which emerged are as follows: In Australia, majority of the population has awareness about the internet and hence they are aware of using internet for shopping. The major factors while choosing online shopping website is brand name, reviews and quality of product and security. Almost everyone has an opinion that they will opt to buy only packaged products from online grocery store because they dont want to stay in billing queues and want to spend their time in other recreational activities. Apart from the convenience and comparison of prices instantly the major advantage of online shopping is home delivery. But the major drawback of e-commerce is that customer cannot touch or feel the product before the ownership, hence chance of fraud is high. In-Depth Interviews These are the type of interviews which are conducted to have confidential, secure and personal information regarding the research objective (DeVellis, 2003). These interviews are generally carried out at the home of interviewee to get natural surroundings for unbiased opinions. In-Depth Interviews in this research was conducted over 15 respondents by going in their home and taking almost 1.5 hrs to complete. Respondents were given ample amount of time to reply to the questions and forming their opinions. The major points which were asked in the interview are as follows: Are you comfortable with online shopping and if yes then what are the categories you prefer. If no, then what are the reasons for not being comfortable? Major advantages and disadvantages related to online shopping? What are the benefits from shopping online? Why would you prefer or not prefer shopping grocery products through website? You like to go traditional shops for shopping or like to shop on internet? Ethical Issues relevant to In-Depth Interviews The major ethical issue in the In-Depth Interviews is that the interviewer should conceal the information about the respondent and also about the information (Gaines, 2005). He should provide the analysis of the interview rather than giving raw information which was carefully handled in this research. Findings from In-Depth Interviews The findings from these interviews were almost same as that of focused discussions but the depth of information is much more in this case. Findings are as follows: Almost all the respondents were comfortable with online shopping format because of high internet penetration. The majority of the categories for online shopping are electronic items and fashion as well as clothing products. The major influencer for online shopping is lifestyle and the choice of product is very high in online shopping format. But the disadvantages in case of online shopping are security issues, credibility of the product offered. Also the touch and feel factor is missing in this case. The major benefit is that respondents dont have to visit physically for buying even a single item as well as they can devote saved time to do other beneficial activities. Majority of the respondents would prefer to shop online grocery to save their time but they will prefer shopping only from established corporate names as it helps in building credibility. Marketing Implications According to the findings, the company should definitely launch the online shopping portal. This will help them in increasing the customer base. But several things which need attention are: The brand name of the online website should be relevant to the corporate name Miou Co. Ltd. as it will develop credibility. Marketing efforts need to be directed to achieve this. The marketing campaigns should focus on the benefits like 100% secure transaction and fastest way of purchasing grocery while doing other activities. Company should also come up with several offers which will benefit the end customers and thus de-motivate them to go other grocery stores. Price plays a major role in buying decision making. Limitations of Research Methods The research work being conducted was driven very carefully but then also there are certain limitations which are as follows: The sample size for the interview and focus group was less and thus the sampling population cannot be attributed as complete target segment characteristics (Linville, 2007). The moderator and interviewer are the only persons responsible for the data quality as well as unbiased opinions. Thus there may be chances that the inferred information might be wrong or biased as per opinion of researcher. The environment for focus discussion was artificial as it was conducted through telephone (Kollock, 2004). Thus there are chances that this artificial environment has modified the response of the respondents. Conclusion The research is being conducted for the company Miou Co. Ltd. which is national supermarket chain. This research aims to analyze the customer buying pattern as well as their perceptions towards online shopping and specifically online grocery shopping. The research is conducted as primary research and the data gathering tools employed is focus group discussions as well as in-depth interviews. This helped in gathering the information about the customer perception, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of online shopping and the points which acts as an obstacle to online shopping. Depending upon the analysis, marketing implications are carved which will help the top management in designing the marketing campaigns for success of online grocery shopping website.

Mainstreaming and Inclusion of Exceptional Children? Essay -- essays p

Mainstreaming and Inclusion of Exceptional Children? In an ever-changing world, the context of education continues to grow. The demand for higher, more diverse education often leaves teachers battling to acquire skills for improved classroom performance. It is crucial to recognize that the need for higher education is implied for all students, including those with special needs. â€Å" The term mainstreaming was first used in the 1970’s and describes classrooms where students with disabilities and students who do not have disabilities are together (Mainstreaming in Classrooms, 2002. p. 1)†. Within special education the question of mainstreaming often arises as a solution for superior learning. Mainstream and inclusion programs have proven beneficial to all students, teachers and communities as a whole. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act was reformed in 1997 and calls for free and appropriate education for special needs students. The IDEA emphasizes a least restrictive environment, in which children with special needs are educated to the highest of their ability (). For many special needs children the highest level of appropriate education lies within mainstreaming. Participation in mainstream programs depends heavily upon the academic ability and social skills of each individual child. The Individual Education Plan is used to monitor the ability, progress and future goals of each student. â€Å" Not only must the IEP contain a statement of how the child’s disability will affect participation in the general curriculum, but it must explain why any student will not be participating in the general classroom...â€Å" (Moore, Gilbreath, Maiuri, 1998, P.3). There are many levels of special education, including ma... ...sabilities in General Education Classrooms: A Summary of the Research. Retrieved October 30, 2002, from Http://interact.uoregon.edu/wrrc/AKInclusion.html Rush, M., Timmons, D., Holtsman, M., Medlock, L.(2002, April 15). Inclusion...Yours, Mine, Ours. Retrived October 31, 2002, from http://rushservices.com/Inclusion/hompage.htm Mainstreaming in Classrooms.(2002, May). Retrieved October 30, 2002, from http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp dn=KidsHealth&lic=1&ps=307&cat_id=20184&article_set=22988 McNamara, B., McNamara, F.(1995). Mainstreaming. Retrieved November 2, 2002, from http://www.parentsoup.com/edcentral/vocabulary/bsa070.html Should Special Needs Children be â€Å"Mainstreamed† or Sent to Seperate Classes? Retrieved October 31,2002, from http://www.parentsoup.com/offline/special/articles/0,8248,191748_170012,00.html

Weaponry during the Elizabethan Period Essay -- History, Long Distance

The weaponry during the Elizabethan period was the most advance weaponry known to the world. The most common weapons used were crossbows, longbows, war hammers, spears, early forms of pistol and cannons. With all this weaponry Europeans also needed armor, like chainmail and plate armor. Different types of weapons and the different kinds of armor were a key component to warfare during the Elizabethan period, in Europe. Long distance weapons were essential to European combat. The main long distance weapons used by Europeans during that time were the longbow and the crossbow. Each form of weaponry had its unique advantages and their pejorative. The long bow (shown in figure 1) was the original form of distance weapons. The term ‘bow’ means to be made from wood, iron or steel. The Welsh, who inhabited England, were the first people to use longbows. Longbows were 6-7 feet long and had a range of 250 yards, and still had the ability to pierce a knight’s armor (Byam 12). A well trained archer could shot 10- 12 arrows in a single minute. Despite these pro’s the longbow had a lot of disadvantages as well. One draw back was only skilled archers, who were costly to train, could use a longbow. Another disadvantage was it didn’t have a ready loaded arrow (Edge 34). The crossbow (shown in figure 2) on the other had been emphatically different. The crossbow had a span of 2-3 f eet and could kill a knight on horseback with one shot, because of good aim (Byam 30). Crossbows had ready loaded projectiles, while the longbow didn’t and the crossbow could be used by anyone since it didn’t require any skill. The crossbow did have a down side though, it had slow reloaded because of a crank and it was expensive. Crossbows were also used for other thi... ...n in her book â€Å"WEAPONS†, â€Å"Gold plating, or gilding, was sometimes used to embellish borders or bands of decorations and, in some cases, entire armors.† By the 15th century, knights were protecting themselves with full suits of plate armor† (Byam 41). His armor usually represented his class or authority. Each knight’s coat of arms had a different personality ranging from different helmets to different metals to different emblems. During the Elizabethan period Europeans mainly focused on warfare. War required long range weapons to slow down the approaching enemy and short range weapons were needed for combat. This era started the usage of combustion and developed cannons and pistols. The advancements of weaponry also lead to the advancements in armor from chainmail to plate armor. Various weapons and armor’s were needed for warfare during the Elizabethan period.

David Hume’s Treatment of Mind Essay -- Philosophy Papers

This paper critically examines Hume’s argument against the knowledge/existence of substantival mind. This denial is rooted in his epistemology which includes a theory of how complex ideas which lack corresponding impressions are manufactured by the imagination, in conjunction with the memory, on the basis of three relations among impressions: resemblance, continuity and constant conjunction. The crux of my critique consists in pointing out that these relations are such that only an enduring, unified agent could interact with them in the way Hume describes. I note that Hume attempts to provide such an agent by invoking the activities of imagination and memory, but that it is unclear where these belong in his system. After discussing the relevant possibilities, I conclude that there is no category within the limits of his system that can accommodate the faculties and allow them to do the work Hume assigned to them. I then note that Hume’s rejection of substantival mind re sts upon the assumption that something like substantival mind exists; for the action of the latter is required for the proper functioning of the process of fabrication which creates the fictitious notion of substantival mind. My concluding argument is that if the existence of substantival mind is implicit in Hume’s argument against substantival mind, then his argument resembles an indirect proof, and ought to be considered as evidence for, rather than against, the existence of substantival mind. It is well known that David Hume rejected any idea of a 'substance of the mind' that would account for, among other things, personal identity. I will attempt to show that Hume's argument against the existence of substantival mind presupposes that such an entity actually ... ...ated into complex by chance, should at the level of impressions have recourse to no other 'agent'. One is inclined to wonder why Hume thought it impossible that ideas should be constantly associated by chance into the same ordered pattern that we apprehend in experience, but that it is not impossible for impressions to be thus associated. (15) Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, i. iv. v. (16) Ibid., i. iv. v. Hume's maxim "all that is distinct is separable" and the outright neglect, in both Locke and Hume, of the modal distinction are points that cry out for criticism. However, as the thrust of this paper is limited, these will have to be covered more thoroughly elsewhere. (17) Ibid., i. iv. vi. (18) Ibid., i.iv.vi. (19) Ibid., i. iv. v. (20) Ibid., i. i. iv.; cf. note xi. (21) Copleston, Frederick, S.J.; A History of Philosophy, Vol. VIII, p.120.

Omega Case Study Report Essay

This report is based on the case study of Omega. With external pressure, the company is now encountering internal problem, like high turnover and absenteeism rate. Personnel manager adopts attitude survey to analyses current situation. â€Å"Job attitudes and job performance are perhaps the two most central and enduring sets of constructs in individual-level organisational research† (David, Daniel and Philip, 2006:305). Organisations increasingly tend to use attitude survey to analyses their employees’ attitude and opinion towards employers (Paul R, 1988:145). Omega case provides an attitude survey questionnaire and relevant data. This report is based on these data to analyses the current situation of Omega, also discuss the reason of high absenteeism and turnover rate among professional staff using organisational behaviour theories, and propose recommendations for Omega to step off the dilemma. 1. The questionnaire Before deep discussion, it ought to go into the questionnaire Omega adopts, â€Å"Questionnaires can provide evidence of patterns amongst large populations†(Louis and Gravin, 2010:1). However, the design of the questionnaire has some problems. The questionnaire is consist of closed questions and open questions, including five areas in attitude evaluation, but the order of each question is â€Å"randomly presented†, which could confuse respondents when they do the questionnaire and easily get bored due to misunderstanding the purpose. In terms of open questions, their existence is to check the close questions are enough or not. Actually, experienced researchers choose open questions to understand respondents’ motivations and feelings in depth (Babara, 1965:175). 2.0 Current situation of Omega It can be describe the current situation of Omega as internal revolt and external invasion. Due to limitation, this report analyzes internal revolt of Omega. This part begins with a review of the literature on low job satisfaction. In addition, low organisational commitment, inefficient  communication system, improper leadership are also included. 2.1 Low job satisfaction In order to analyze the job satisfaction level, it is firstly should make assure what is job satisfaction. James (1992) defines job satisfaction as â€Å"the extent to which employees like their work†. And Luthans (2011:141) suggests â€Å"job satisfaction is a result of employee’s perception of how well their job provides those things that are viewed as important†. After explain job satisfaction, the measurement is put forward below . There are six facets of job satisfaction, which are the work content, financial rewards, hierarchical satisfaction, management, peers, and working conditions (Paul, 1997: 12). In terms of work content, Bozionelos (2007: 13) suggests five aspects to consider work itself, such as, skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback, which according Omega’s situation, they are low. It is a little better of the financial rewards aspect than the work content but still is low. Employees do not hold the shares of Omega and they think company underestimate their effort and their value and just 34% employees think they are paid fairly. Hierarchical satisfaction is not very clearly discussed in this case. Management satisfaction in Omega is mediate. Nevertheless, 89% of respondents think their immediate superiors treat them fairly. Other factor, namely, level of support, is low. Coworker satisfaction is not high as well because only 42% of respondents’ stay in company due to coworkers. Work condition in Omega supposes to be low because employees think manager does not care about the work condition, so work condition might be low. Through analyses above, job satisfaction of Omega could be judged as low. 2.2 Inefficient communication system David (1997, 42) defines communication process as â€Å"the transmission of information, and the exchange of meaning†. Robbins (2010: 290) points out six main parts of communication process, such as the information giver, encoding, the information, the channel, decoding, information receiver,  interference and feedback. Omega lack channel and feedback of communication process, so the process is not seriously exist in Omega. There are many directions of communication in organisation, namely vertically up and down, horizontally with coworkers (Katherine, 2012:31). Robbins (2010:291) also points out the main role of downward communication is to explain the reasons of different decisions. In Omega even the result of questionnaire is sent to the home address of employee not through company’s internal mail system. This could demonstrate the communication in company is really weak. David (1997, 42) defines communication process as â€Å"the transmission of information, and the exchange of meaning†. Furthermore, Cal and Allison (2004:6) say feedback could be an important facet to assess communicational efficiency and different company will have different emphasis on communication process. In Omega, they seldom receive feedback from their superiors. Furthermore, employees even do not know what happened in other regions of company or some issues relate to Omega. Through these analyses the communication system in Omega is really inefficient. 2.3 Low organisational commitment Organisational commitment is one of attitudes employees have towards organisation. Allen and Meyer(1991,) suggest organisational commitment consist of three parts â€Å"a desire (affective commitment: an emotional attachment to organiasation) to stay in a company; a need(continuance commitment: consider cost of leaving the company) to stay and an obligation(normative commitment: moral and ethical consideration) to stay† Though the questionnaire of Omega is not very clearly include organisational commitment questions, it still can be reckoned by similar questions. The question about belonging to Omega can be recognized as affective commitment question and only 23% of respondents think they have this feeling, which means the affective in Omega is low. In addition, when ask if any other company offered more than 5% salary will you leave Omega, 27% of respondents  will leave. And when it is raised by 10%, the result is 52%, and raised by 15% then 75% will leave. However, 89% of them do not treat financial reward is the most important aspect of their job. In this way, it could be reckoned normative commitment in Omega is low, meaning there is little moral or ethnic factor employees consider when they choose to leave company. Though there is few content of questionnaire relating to continuance commitment, organisational commitment is still low from the other two aspects. 2.4 Improper leadership Robbins (2010:316) define leadership as â€Å"the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals†. Furthermore, Bozionelos (2007:14) claims â€Å"the main role of leader is to motivate his/her subordinates.† He also points out leaders could motivate employees by using â€Å"right† style. According to OHIO style studies, high consideration sometimes is associated with less turnover and absenteeism. Employees in Omega mainly are highly educated, who have interests in company operations and have strong aspirations to get involved in their job, not just finishing the task superiors give them. Nevertheless, leaders in Omega ignore the workforce environment and adopt improper leadership, like ignoring their opinions and isolating them from the whole company, furthermore, providing unsatisfied working environment. In conclusion, leadership in Omega is improper. 3.0 Analyses high turnover and absenteeism The relationship between turnover and absenteeism is positive, which means high turnover relate to high absenteeism vice versa (Terry, 1978). There are several reasons to the high absenteeism and turnover rate. Robert (1993) figures out job satisfaction and organisational commitment negatively relate to the turnover and absenteeism. In terms of the relationship between the two, there are mainly two different views, one of which is â€Å"the commitment mediate the effect of job satisfaction† (Porter, 1974), the other one of which is the two both have impact on turnover but separately (Dougherty, 1985). This report follows the latter view. In addition, motivation theories are also mentioned below. 3.1 Job satisfaction reason Bozionelos (2007: 13) implicates the relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism is moderate strong and Bobbins(2010: 72) supports this view and think the relationship is moderate to weak. According to these two scholars, there are many other reasons independent on job-related aspect, like the traffic situation and family stuff like child’s sick, etc. And Bozionelos(2007: ) mentions unsatisfied employees are more likely truancy than satisfied ones participate in work, which means make employees satisfying could not make sure low absenteeism, but if employees are unsatisfying they will more likely absent. Tett and Meyer(1993) conclude the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover is also moderate. However, Carsten and Spector (1987) point out job satisfaction will lead to turnover when employees find it easy to find an other similar job. 47% of respondents would leave company if they find a comparable job. In this way, job satisfaction is strongly relate to quit. Given the theory mentioned above and analyses of job satisfaction level in Omega, It could make a conclusion that job satisfaction in Omega is low and moderately leading to high turnover and absenteeism rate. 3.2 Organisational commitment reason â€Å"Empirical research on organisational commitment generally has shown commitment to be a significant predictor of turnover† (Gary, 1987). Also, John and Dennis (1990) demonstrate organisational commitment could help organisation reduce withdraw behaviour, like absenteeism and turnover. Furthermore, some scholars support the view that high organisatioanl commitment could lead to high job satisfaction (Batemen and Strasser, 1984). In terms organisational commitment itself, Robbins(2010:64) demonstrate organisational commitment negatively relate to both absenteeism and turnover, and in particular, affective commitment have stronger relationship than other two type of commitment with turnover and absenteeism. Meyer (2002) after a meta-analyses support Robbins conclusion, and figure out  affective commitment is the strongest lead to high turnover rate(Ï  = −.17). However, in terms of absenteeism, except affective commitment, the other two commitments have positive relationship with absenteeism. Though there is few content of questionnaire relating to continuance commitment, organisational commitment in Omega still could explain the high turnover and absenteeism rate, because affective commitment is low, which is the strongest aspect influence withdraw behaviour. 3.3 Motivation reason Motivation theories could explain the high turnover and absenteeism is because lack of motivation will have influence job satisfaction and organisational commitment, which have discuss above to be proved could impact quit and missing the job. Motivation theories used in this report are equity theory. Mullins(2002:443) explains equity theory as â€Å"focuses on peoples’ feeling of how fairly they have been treated in comparison with the treatment received by others.† He points out one of inequity behaviour is â€Å"leaving the field† to find balance. In this way, employees are tend to absent and find other equal job. In addition, Laura (2000) suggests wage equity is related to worker motivation. Employees in Omega believe they are under inequity situation, because of inequity input and output. About 66% of respondents think they are paid unfairly. As a result, employees are tend to absent and change their job. 4.0 Recommendation This part is mainly based on motivation theory and motivation applications method. Apart from motivate employees, improving job satisfaction, consummating communication system are also used to propose recommendations. 4.1 Motivate employee Maslow’s theory and Herzberg’s theory are applied to suggestions. Though popular with its criticism, Maslow’s five level hierarchy theory is always  the basic theory of motivation and is simply applied to real case. Maslow hierarchy need theory consists of five needs of a person, which, from the bottom to the top, are physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization (Maslow, 1954). These needs are satisfied until the lower needs are fulfilled. Mangers need to identify dominant needs during employees then provide incentives to satisfy them in order to improve job satisfaction (Bozionelos , 2007: 29). In Omega case, manager should first identify what employees really needs. Except relatively satisfied salary, they also need more control in their work and more communication with superior. Next theory using to propose suggestions is Herzberg’s two-factor theory, which are hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors are mostly about work conditions and environment and actually hygiene cannot motivate employees, but if hygiene factors are not filled, they will lead to dissatisfaction. Motivators are mostly about work itself and work content. Robbins (2010:143) suggests it is advised to use motivator to motivate people, like â€Å"promotional opportunities, opportunities for personal growth, recognition, responsibility and achievement†. Omega manager or personnel manager can follow this suggestion to redesign the job in Omega. 4.2 Improve job satisfaction Locke (1976) says job satisfaction is a â€Å"positive emotional state†, so improving job satisfaction is same as improving the positive emotion of employees. There are several aspects could lead to high level of job satisfaction. One of the most significant aspects relating to high job satisfaction is enjoying the job. Enjoyable job should provide necessary training, variety and authorization (Robbins, 2010:67). In Omega, managers could decrease close supervision when employees working, which probably could increase job satisfaction. 4.3 Consummate communication system As mentioned above, the communication process is important in an  organisation. Omega’s manager should provide a platform for employees to express their opinions, complains and proposals. In addition, frequent feedback is also essential during the whole communication process even though it may be the last step. Formulating new feedback policy in accordance with job’s need. 4.4 Improve employee involvement Lawer (1986) suggests â€Å"job involvement has been considered the key to activating employee motivation†. In addition, employee involvement could also help improve job satisfaction (Steve, 1996). Involving employee can not only help improve job satisfaction but also help improve organiasational commitment. Daily update e-mail could provide latest news of company as well as satisfy employees’ need to understand organisation. Furthermore, involving employee could develop a feeling of belonging to organisation. 5.0 Conclusion Through the analyses above, it is clear that there are numerous of problems in Omega. Low job satisfaction, inefficient communication system, low organisational commitment and improper leadership are the key problems. Some of them strongly relate to high turnover and absenteeism rate, some of them moderately relate. Recommendations are based on the problems, which most could be applied to real work. More importantly, taking actions to make ideas into reality is the key. 6. Personal reflection This part mainly discusses the writer’s personal opinion on management. Fortunately, this case study gives me a lot of thinking about management and leadership. As a manager in a company especially in a highly educated organisation must pay attention to employees’ opinion towards company and management. Their involvement not only can level up their job satisfaction but also can help improve efficient of management. In addition, motivation system is another factor that should be taken seriously. Though there are many theories in motivation and many ways to motivate employees, actually,  manager could choose one and utilize effectively, then can benefit a lot. 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